Past Projects

The scientific literature surrounding environmental enrichment for captive tigers (Panthera tigris) has largely focused on the role of feeding and artificial prey devices in encouraging the performance of species-specific behaviours. In contrast, the role of social interaction has been relatively ignored.

Research with other species – non-human primates, dolphins and elephants - suggests that contact with other individuals and/or humans can yield positive benefits, yet the behavioural effect of these practices remains unknown for tigers. This study explored on-exhibit behavioural differences in tigers housed socially with hands-on keeper contact (Australia Zoo) and animals housed individually with no keeper contact (Adelaide Zoo).

Nine tigers (3 adults, 3 sub-adults, and 3 cubs) and 10 keepers from Australia Zoo, and two tigers (both adults) from the Adelaide Zoo, were observed for 12 consecutive weekdays each, for a total of 144 hours. Instantaneous scan sampling was used to record behaviour and location data for all tigers in the exhibits.

Tigers at Adelaide Zoo paced considerably more than those at Australia Zoo and were also out-of-sight more. In contrast, tigers at Australia Zoo performed more solitary inactive and patrolling behaviours compared to those at Adelaide Zoo. Due to the large out-of-sight category at Adelaide Zoo, it is possible that the performance of solitary inactive behaviours was underestimated. Interactions between tigers and conspecifics, keepers, or both at Australia Zoo were primarily playful.

These findings suggest that social housing and keeper contact can be beneficial to captive tigers, but future research should also explore the off-exhibit behaviours before making inferences about overall well-being. Future research into the influence of social enrichment on visitor enjoyment and satisfaction are also recommended.